We have a new article which describes how the spokes transmit pedaling and braking torque between the hub and rim. The spokes do it by changes in tension — but how much does the tension change? The article explains the drawing below.

What's new at sheldonbrown.com
We have a new article which describes how the spokes transmit pedaling and braking torque between the hub and rim. The spokes do it by changes in tension — but how much does the tension change? The article explains the drawing below.
We like Shimano Biopace non-round chainrings, and they are reliably available on eBay. We have expanded our article on how to choose and use them.
Osman Isvan has written a paper, Power Management for Lightweight Vehicles, and has been kind enough to send it for posting on sheldonbrown.com. Isvan gives special attention to how to make the most efficient use of electrical-assist power. His conclusions are probably not what you expect!